List of HVDC projects

HVDC projects for long-distance transmission have two (or rarely, more) converter stations and a transmission line interconnecting them. Generally overhead lines are used for interconnection, but an important class of HVDC projects use submarine power cables. A back-to-back station has no transmission line and connects two AC grids at different frequencies or phase counts. Historical HVDC systems used the Thury system of motor-generators but these have all been made obsolete by later developments such as mercury-arc valves, thyristors, and IGBT power transistors.

2 As of 9 December 2015, LitPol Link started trial operations.[129]3 Caithness Moray HVDC will serve a number of renewable energy sources in the north of Scotland - see map [117]4 Contracts due to be placed in 2016. 5 Elia says construction expected to start in late 2017. 6 2021 date is that quoted to support the Shetland Wind Farm that SSE is a part investor in.[130]7 Decision on project expected in 2017 following consultation - see SSE PD reference.

Thermopolis, Wyoming

"Thermopolis" (/θɜːrˈmɒpəlɪs/) is from the Greek for "Hot City". It is home to numerous natural hot springs, in which mineral-laden waters are heated by geothermal processes. The town is named for the hot springs located there.[7]

The town claims the world's largest mineral hot spring, appropriately named "The Big Spring", as part of Wyoming's Hot Springs State Park. The springs are open to the public for free as part of an 1896 treaty signed with the Shoshone and Arapaho Indian tribes.

Thermopolis is located near the northern end of the Wind River Canyon and Wedding of the Waters, where the north-flowing Wind River becomes the Bighorn River. Thermopolis is ringed by mountains, with the Big Horn Mountains to the northeast, the Bridger Mountains to the southeast, the Owl Creek Mountains to the southwest and the Absaroka Range to the northwest. Thermopolis is the southern-most municipality in the Big Horn Basin.

90th Missile Wing LGM-30 Minuteman Missile Launch Sites

The 90th Strategic Missile Wing was the fifth United States Air Force LGM-30 Minuteman ICBM wing, the fourth with the LGM-30B Minuteman I. In October 1962 construction began over an 8,300-square-mile (21,000 km2) area of Wyoming, Nebraska, and Colorado to construct 200 Minuteman Intercontinental Ballistic Missile launch silos. On 1 July 1963, the Air Force activated the 90th SMW Over the next year, four component strategic missile squadrons activated 200 minuteman missiles.

In November 1972, SAC initiated the Minuteman Integrated Improvement Program. The program entailed silo hardening and upgrading command data buffers, which allowed for quicker missile retargeting. In addition to receiving upgraded silos and launcher control facilities, Warren also received new missiles, with the Minuteman I being replaced with LGM-30G Minuteman III between 1973-1975.

In November 1982, in a decision statement for Congress, President Ronald Reagan stated his plan to deploy the MX missile (later designated the LGM-118 Peacekeeper) to superhardened silos located at Warren. In July 1984, construction began for Peacekeeper support facilities at Warren. From 1986 through 1988, 50 Peacekeepers were backfitted into silos formally occupied by Minuteman IIIs of the 400th Strategic Missile Squadron. The 400th achieved initial operational capability with 10 deployed Peacekeepers in December 1986. Full operational capability was achieved in December 1988 with 50 missiles.

Saratoga, Wyoming

Saratoga is the home of the Steinley Cup microbrew competition, usually held in August at Veterans Island Park, a playground and picnic facility located on a small island in the North Platte River. There is also a public pool heated by a hot spring located in Saratoga. Saratoga is one of many western communities economically devastated by consolidation, automation and the changing business practices of multinational timber companies.[citation needed] The town's two largest employers now are the United States Forest Service and Carbon County School District No. 2, both public sector employers. The town's motto is, "Where The Trout Leap In Main Street." The local newspaper is the Saratoga Sun.[6]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 3.59 square miles (9.30 km2), of which, 3.40 square miles (8.81 km2) of it is land and 0.19 square miles (0.49 km2) is water.[1]

As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 1,690 people, 802 households, and 474 families residing in the town. The population density was 497.1 inhabitants per square mile (191.9/km2). There were 979 housing units at an average density of 287.9 per square mile (111.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 94.4% White, 0.9% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 2.2% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.1% of the population.

Tie Siding, Wyoming

Tie Siding is a tiny unincorporated community in far southeastern Albany County, in southeastern Wyoming, United States, approximately eighteen miles south of Laramie, and eight miles north of the Colorado border. It is located at latitude 41.080N and longitude -105.506W, at an elevation of 7,694 ft. The population is very small, and Tie Siding was not counted as a census-designated place in the 2010 Census.

Tie Siding was strategically located at the site by the early western railroad companies to service the expansion of rail systems in the West from the late 1860s until the early 1900s. The small community interacted with nearby Colorado railroad towns, such as Virginia Dale, LaPorte and Pingree Park.[1]

In 1886, Edward Ivinson, a wealthy Laramie investment banker and dry goods merchant, got off a train when it made a stop in Tie Siding to take on water, and decided he wanted to build a house and a hospital here. Instead, however, he later returned to Laramie, a few miles to the north, and built a large mansion-house for himself there, on what later would be named Ivinson Street in his honor.[2]

Carbon County, Wyoming

Carbon County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 15,885.[1] Its county seat is Rawlins.[2] Its south border abuts the north line of Colorado.

Originally about 3,400 square miles (8,800 km2) in the center of Carbon County were once part of the Spanish Empire, then part of the Republic of Texas (1835-1845) and part of the State of Texas until 1852 when the northernmost part of that state was ceded to the US government. This area is defined by the 42nd parallel on the north, and straight lines south from there to the headwaters of the Arkansas river on the east and the headwaters of the Rio Grande on the west. The documents defining that area include the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819, the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, and the 1845 "Joint Resolution for the Admission of the State of Texas into the Union".

Carbon County was organized December 16, 1868, from Laramie County in Dakota Territory, which at the time had jurisdiction over part of modern-day Wyoming.[4] It became a county in Wyoming Territory when that territory's government was formally organized on May 19, 1869.[5][6]

Torrington, Wyoming

It is the home of Eastern Wyoming College, and is the surrounding region's center of commercial activity. Within this primarily agricultural community, there are several fertilizer plants, a sugar beet factory, and numerous tourist facilities and retail businesses that serve the local and nearby rural populations.[7]

Situated on the historic Mormon Trail and near the Oregon and California trails[8] along the banks of the North Platte River, Torrington was founded in 1900 by W.G. Curtis (1857–1913), and named by him for his home town of Torrington, Connecticut. Originally a watering and coaling station for the CB&Q Railroad, which began passenger service in 1900, the growing city soon became the main source of civilization for nearby farmers and ranchers. In 1905, the first bridge was constructed over the North Platte River, which it had previously been necessary to ford.[9]

A post office called Torrington was established in 1889 on W. G. Curtis' farm three miles west of where the town of Torrington would be in 1900, with W. G. Curtis serving as Postmaster and later as mayor. By 1908 the town was incorporated as a town in Laramie County. It had a bank, three general stores, a pharmacy with a soda fountain, a land office, and two hotels (for one of which the building, although modified, still exists at 1841 Main Street.)[9] It soon became a central place of trade for Goshen County, and for surrounding areas in eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska.[9]

Shawnee, Wyoming

Shawnee is an unincorporated community in southeastern Converse County, Wyoming, United States. It lies along the concurrent U.S. Routes 18 and 20 east of the city of Douglas, the county seat of Converse County.[2] Its elevation is 5,059 feet (1,542 m).[1]

Upton, Wyoming

Upton is located at 44°6′12″N 104°37′33″W / 44.10333°N 104.62583°W / 44.10333; -104.62583 (44.103354, -104.625943).[7] According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.96 square miles (7.67 km2), all of it land.[1]

As of the 2010 United States Census[2] of 2010, there were 1,100 people, 467 households, and 303 families residing in the town. The population density was 371.6 inhabitants per square mile (143.5/km2). There were 539 housing units at an average density of 182.1 per square mile (70.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.6% White, 0.2% African American, 1.7% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.

There were 467 households of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.2% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.1% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.88.

Shell, Wyoming

The community is named for the abundance of fossil shells located in the area. Nearby exposed formations such as the Cloverly Formation and the Morrison Formation have yielded numerous fossils of dinosaurs and other animals. Located to the west of the town is the Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite, a rare collection of dinosaur tracks from the Jurassic.